Sandia proposes the following model to estimate module temperature, :
$$T_{m} = E_{POA}\cdot (e^{a+b\cdot WS} ) + T_a$$
- $$E_{POA}$$ = Solar irradiance incident on the module (POA) (W/m^2)
- $$T_a$$ = Ambient air temperature (°C)
- $$WS$$ = Wind speed (m/s)
a and b are parameters that depend on the module construction and materials as well as on the mounting configuration of the module. The table below lists representative values for these parameters for various common module types and configurations.
| Module Type | Mount | a | b | |
| Glass/cell/glass | Open rack | -3.47 | -.0594 | |
| Glass/cell/glass | Close roof mount | -2.98 | -.0471 | |
| Glass/cell/polymer sheet | Open rack | -3.56 | -.0750 | |
| Glass/cell/polymer sheet | Insulated back | -2.81 | -.0455 | |
| Polymer/thin-film/steel | Open rack | -3.58 | -.113 | |
| 22X Linear Concentrator | Tracker | -3.23 | -.130 |
Reference: King, D. L., E. E. Boyson and J. A. Kratochvil (2004). Photovoltaic Array Performance Model. Albuquerque, NM, Sandia National Laboratories. SAND2004-3535.